Chapter 25 Test
  1. T. H. Huxley and Social Darwinism 859 - Huxley agreed with Darwin, but did not agree with social Darwinism the idea that cultures and countries respond to the ideas of evolution.
  2. Euro intellectuals challenge special place of humans in universe and question rationality of world V. Woolf A Room of One's Own 879
  3. Positivism 855 - Developed by Auguste Comte which was the "philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science." Human thought developed in 3 stages.
    1. Theological - nature described w/ deities and spirits
    2. Metaphysical - "Abstract principals regarded as operative agencies of nature"
    3. Positive - Basically nature is a science. No obscure deities and such.
  4. Life of Jesus by Strauss 859 - Questioned any historical evidence of Jesus. Jesus came from aspirations of that time.
  5. State Financed education and politics 854 - Many different countries began providing elementary education. Some countries still had high illiteracy rates. Hoped literacy would create more productive work force. As a result, the number of available reading materials exploded. Interest in politics rose. Many newspapers played on the majority of people who were still ignorant by giving juicy stories.
  6. Charles Darwin wrote ? - On The Origin of Species among others
  7. Kulturkampf 861 - "Kultural Struggle". Bismarck's attack on the Catholic church because of his belief they were a threat to unification. He arrested or expelled all Catholic bishops from Prussia.
  8. George Bernard Shaw wrote? - Mrs. Warrent's Profession, Arms and the Man, Man and Superman, and Androcles and the Lion
  9. 19th century religion and church turmoil 859 - Science was basically getting in the way of religion at this time. Strauss was questioning the actuality of Christ. Science was taking God out of the equation and that religious thoughts were a mere phenomena of the mind. The morality of Christianity was also questioned as God's unpredictability in Old Testament and sacrifice in the new did not mesh with rational views.
  10. conflict in church and state over education 861 - Originally education was done in churches, but by 1870 most countries had thought religious education was controversial.
  11. Spencer's idea - Human society progresses through competition. (Social Darwinism)
  12. literacy expansion result 854 - Explosion of reading materials and interest in politics, yet increase in tabloids also.
  13. Comte sociology 862 -
  14. Leo XIII social philos 862 - Looked to philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. Created the Rerum Novarum which "defended private property, religious education, and relgiious control of the marriage laws and condemned socialism and Marxism," but also said to protect and treat employees well.
  15. Church and state extreme conflict 861 - In Germany, wanted freedom for churches, but Bismarck "put his thing down" and screwed everything up.
  16. Christianity still vital proof 861 - A large Christianizing mission occured in Europe but sorta failed. "The vitality of the churches accounts in part for the intense hostility of their enemies"
  17. Nietzsche and Christianity 859 - Christianity glorifies the weak and doesn't support the needed strong. Sacrifices are encouraged in the stead of heroism
  18. Christian missionaries Islam 864 -
  19. Modernism 867 - Critical of middle-class. Not social, but aesthetics. Music above all. Keynesian economics.
  20. Comte laws of social behavior 855 - The three stages I mentioned earlier.
  21. Natural selection 857 - Those best fit for their environment survive and reproduce.
  22. Darwin famous for 857 - the explanation of the mechanism of evolution.
  23. Freud and repression 870 - When facing traumatic events, humans push it back into their subconscious. Greater repression leads to mental disorders.
  24. Syllabus of Errors 862 - Set forth by Pope Pius IX, was against "contemporary science, philosophy and politics."
  25. Education Act of 1902 school rivalries 861 - Great Britain supported both religious and nonreligious schools, but also gave them both the same standards.
  26. WWI Scientists models of nations 862
  27. physical world as rational mechanical dependable and objectively known by 19th c -
  28. overman nietzsche 868 - Belief that a "superman" would come who embodies "heroism and greatness". Oh Friedrich Nietzsche, why did you kill God?
  29. kulturkampf Bismarck 861 - See Kulturkampf
  30. Darwin and natural selection genetics 857 - Darwin used natural selection to explain Evolution. Gregor Mendel discovered genetics which explained natural selection.
  31. mass audience and literary artist 854
  32. Freud and Interpretation of Dreams 870 - "dreams allow unconscious wishes, desires, and drives that had been excluded from everyday conscious." Basically made the irrationality of dreams into a science unlike anyone else. Contributes to unconscious behaviour
  33. Ferry Laws in Fr 861 - Educational laws sponsored by Jules Ferry which replaced religion with civics in school.
  34. Catholic Modernism 862 -
  35. Count Arthur de Gobineau 872 - Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races - A racist document that showed the degeneration of the Aryan race. They intermingled with inferior yellow and black people. RACIST.
  36. Realist and humankind 865 - Life sucks.
  37. Modernism and modern world 867 -
  38. Protestant and Catholic Churches in late 19th 859

Robert's-And shawn filled some blanks…and munro too.
1. T.H Huxley
2. Euro intellectuals challenge special place of humans in universe and question rationality of world V. Woolf A Room of One's Own 879- «<
3. Positivism- A philosophy of human intellectual development that culminated in science, developed by Auguste comte. Positivism is the third stage which is an explanation of nature became matters of exact description of phenomena.
4. Life of Jesus by David Friedrich Strauss-in which he questioned whether the bible provides any genuine historical evidence about Jesus. Contended the story of Jesus is a myth that arose from the particular social and intellectual condition of first-century Palestine.
5. State of financed education and politics: Literacy on the continent improved steadily from the 1860s onward. By 1900, in Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Scandinavia, approximately 85 percent or more of the people could read.
6. C-Charles Darwin wrote the origin of species and the descent of man.
7. Kulturkampf-Cultural Struggle, against the Catholic Church failed. The struggle for civilization, describe the struggle between regions, religious, and cultures.
8. George Bernard Shaw wrote Mrs. Warren’s Profession, he dealt with prostitution, Arms and the Man and Man and Superman, he heaped scorn on the romantic ideals of love and war, in Androcles and the Lion, he pilloried Christianity.
9. 19th century religion and church turmoil-Many European intellectuals left the faith. Secular, liberal nation-states attacked the influence of the church. The expansion of population and the growth of cities challenged its organizational capacity. Yet the Protestant and Catholic churches remained popular.
10. Conflict in church and state over education-the primary are of conflict. The churches feared that future generation would emerge from the new state-financed Bismarck removed the clergy from overseeing local education and set education under state direction. Britain’s new schools were built in area of religious denominations did not provide satisfactory education. All churches opposed improvement in education because these increased the costs of church schools. Government provided state support for both religious and nonreligious schools but imposed the same education standard on each.
11. Spencer’s idea: A british philosopher, strong individualist, believed human society progresses through competition. If the weak receive too much protection, the rest of humankind is the loser.
12. Literacy expansion result- improved steadily. By 1900, in Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, and Scandinavia, approximately 85 percent or more of the people could read but Italy, spain, Russia, Austria-hungary, and the Balkans still had illiteracy rates of between 30 and 60 percent.
13. Comte sociology- developed positivism. Human developed in three stages, fist is theological stage, physical nature was explained in spirits, second is metaphysical is abstract principles were regarded as the operative agencies of nature, and final is positive stag. Regarded as the father of sociology.
14. Leo XIII social philosophy-He looked at Thomas Aquinas to reconcile the claims of faith and reason. Rerum Novarum defends private property, religious education, and religious control of marriage. Declared that employers should treat employees justly, and permit them to organize labor union. The pop support laws to protect workers and urged that modern society to be organized in corporate groups that would include people from various classes who would cooperate according to Christian principles.
15. Church and state extreme conflict-The most extreme church-state conflict occurred in Germany during the 1870s
16. The German Catholic resistance to the intrusions of the secular state illustrates the continuing vitality of Christianity during this period of intellectual and political hardship for the church.
17. Nietzsche in Germany portrayed Christianity as a religion that glorified weakness rather than the strength life required. Christianity demanded a useless and debilitating sacrifice of the flesh and spirit.
18. Christian missionaries reinforced these anti-Islamic attitudes. They blamed Islam for Arab economic backwardness, for mistreating women, and condoning slavery. Came in conflict with Islamic religious authorities.
19. Modernism was critical of middle-class society and morality. It was a 1870s movement through Europe that touched all the arts. Modernism wasn’t concerned with social issues, it was a concern for the aesthetic or the beautiful. Modernist tried to break the received forms and to create new forms.
20. Comte believed that positive laws of social behavior could be discovered in the same fashion as laws of physical nature.
21. Natural selection: Darwin called the principle of survival of the fittest as natural selection. It was naturalistic and mechanistic, requiring no guiding mind behind the development in organic nature.
22. Darwin is famous for the book Origin of Species and the principle of survival of the fittest Darwin called natural selection.
23. Freud and repression: He did indeed believe that excessive repression could lead to mental disorder, but he also believed civilization and the survival of humankind required some repression of sexuality and aggression.
24. Syllabus of Errors: pop issued the Syllabus which set the Catholic Church squarely against contemporary science, philosophy, and politics.
25. Educational act of 1902, the gov provided state support for both religious and nonreligious schools, but imposed the same educational standards on each.
26. WWI scientist models of nature: By world war I, few scientists believed they could portray the truth about physical reality. Rather, they say themselves as recording the observations of instruments and as offering useful hypothetical or symbolic models of nature.
27. physical world as rational mechanical dependable and objectively known by 19th c –
28. Nietzsche announced the death of God and proclaimed the coming of the Overman, who would embody heroism and greatness.
29. Kulturkampf bismarck- Cultural Struggle, against the Catholic Church failed. The struggle for civilization, describe the struggle between regions, religious, and cultures. His greatest blunder.
30. Darwin and natural selection genetics: Survival of the fittest. Two scientist contended that more living organism come into existence than can survive in their environment. Organism with a marginal advantage in the struggle for existence live long enough to propagate. Gregor Mendel discovered genetics which explained natural selection.
31. Expanding literate pop created a vast market for new reading material. Newspapers and books grew rapidly. New readers were still ignorant so books and journals were mediocre. This permitted a popularization of knowledge that has become a hallmark of our world. Shawns= more literacy meant more political activism and increase in knowledge though 'new jobs' were usually not really available; tabloids and 'low' stories were popular because of the lack of general education as a whole, though nearly all styles of literature and writing saw an increase; literacy not end of knowledge but path to further study; schoolteacher profession increased alot
32. Freud and Interpretation of Dreams 870 - "dreams allow unconscious wishes, desires, and drives that had been excluded from everyday conscious." Basically made the irrationality of dreams into a science unlike anyone else. Contributes to unconscious behaviour.
33. Ferry Laws in Fr 861 - Educational laws sponsored by Jules Ferry which replaced religion with civics in school.
34. Catholic modernism: Leo defended private property, religious education, and religious control of marriage laws. Employers should be treat their employees justly, permit to organize labor unions. Catholic politcal parties and Catholic trade unions were founding.
35. Count Arthur de Gobineau 872 - Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races- the troubles of western civ as the result of long defeneration of original white Aryan race. Claimed it had unwisely intermarried with inferior yellow and black races. Damn yellow people.
36. Realist portrayed the dark side of life. They rejected romantic ideas. Harsh realities of life. Portrayed the hypocrisy, brutality, and the dullness that underlay bourgeois life.
37. oh, modernists were pessimistic and critical for society but not of scoial factors s much; emphasis on cross arts and developmental/progressive products (Joyce was the best, though thaat's just me saying it)——Was not deeplu concerned with social issues.
38. Protestant and Catholic churches remained popular even through the turmoil.

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